The increasing frequency of extreme weather events in the Mississippi River Basin poses significant risks to navigation, infrastructure, and local communities. Floods have led to costly dredging operations and prolonged draft restrictions, with the 2019 flood alone causing $6–7 billion in cargo impacts. On the other hand, droughts have resulted in reduced barge loads and saltwater intrusion, with the 2022 drought costing an estimated $20 billion. These extremes also threaten drinking water supplies and agricultural productivity. The compounding effects of rising temperatures and land-use changes exacerbate these challenges, making the region more vulnerable to both flooding and drought (Waterways Journal, 2026).