The primary hazards associated with Kīlauea's activity include volcanic gas emissions, tephra fallout, and lava flows. High levels of sulfur dioxide and vog can cause respiratory issues and other health problems, particularly for those downwind of the vents. Tephra, including volcanic ash and Pele’s hair, can irritate skin, eyes, and respiratory systems. Lava flows, while confined to the Halema'uma'u crater during recent activity, pose risks of burns, abrasions, and terrain-related injuries. Earthquakes and ground cracks are also possible due to shallow magma movement, which can destabilize the caldera rim and surrounding areas.