The eruption poses localized hazards, including volcanic gas emissions, tephra fall, and potential ground instability near the crater. Sulfur dioxide emissions can create vog (volcanic air pollution), which may cause respiratory issues for residents and visitors downwind. Tephra, including volcanic ash and Pele’s hair, may fall within a 5 km radius of the vents, with lighter particles potentially traveling farther. The area around Halemaʻumaʻu crater remains closed to the public due to risks of rockfalls, ground cracking, and landslides.