Volcanic gas emissions, including sulfur dioxide, pose respiratory risks, while tephra fall may cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Lava flows remain confined to the crater but could change location due to intrusive activity. Ground cracks and earthquakes near the summit add to the hazards. Residents and visitors should exercise caution, especially in areas downwind of the vents, where vog (volcanic air pollution) may be concentrated. The closed area of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is most affected by tephra fall and other volcanic hazards.