The primary risks include high levels of volcanic gases, such as SO₂, which can create vog (volcanic smog) and pose respiratory risks to those downwind of the vents. Tephra, or volcanic fragments, may also be released during future eruptive episodes, potentially causing skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Lava flows from the crater floor and surrounding areas may remain hot and mobile, posing additional hazards. Visitors to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park should exercise caution, as the caldera rim and surrounding areas remain unstable and prone to rockfalls, ground cracking, and landslides (USGS, 2026).