The primary hazards include volcanic gas emissions, which can cause respiratory issues, and tephra fall, which may lead to skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Lava flows remain confined to the crater but could change location due to intrusive activity. Ground cracks and earthquakes near the summit pose additional risks. Residents and visitors should remain cautious, especially in areas downwind of the vents, where vog (volcanic air pollution) may be concentrated. The closed area of Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park is most affected by tephra fall and other volcanic hazards.