The accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers poses severe risks to downstream populations and infrastructure. Vulnerable communities, particularly in remote areas, face heightened exposure to natural disasters such as GLOFs, flash floods, and landslides. These events can lead to significant economic losses, disrupt agriculture, and threaten water security, as the Himalayan river systems are critical for India’s GDP. Developmental activities, such as highway construction in ecologically fragile regions, exacerbate environmental degradation and increase disaster vulnerability. The lack of robust monitoring and transboundary data-sharing protocols with neighbouring countries like Nepal and China further hampers effective disaster response.