The primary hazards associated with Kīlauea include lava flows, volcanic gases, and tephra (volcanic fragments). Lava flows, while generally slow-moving, can destroy everything in their path. Volcanic gases, particularly sulfur dioxide, can cause respiratory issues and contribute to vog (volcanic smog). Tephra can cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Earthquakes and ground cracks are also possible due to shallow magma movement. Visitors to Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park should exercise caution, as certain areas remain closed due to ongoing hazards.