The elevated PM2.5 levels in Kolkata pose significant health risks, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. Prolonged exposure to fine particulate matter can lead to respiratory issues, reduced lung function, and other long-term health complications. Despite the monsoon's usual role in improving air quality, the persistence of high pollution levels indicates that local emission sources, such as traffic, industries, and construction, continue to contribute heavily to the pollution load.