The variability of monsoon rainfall significantly impacts agriculture, water resources, and livelihoods. Drought-prone areas, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, and parts of the Deccan Plateau, face challenges such as reduced soil moisture and water scarcity. Flood-prone regions, including the Ganga and Brahmaputra plains, suffer from extensive damage to crops, infrastructure, and human settlements. Urbanisation exacerbates flood risks by increasing surface runoff and blocking natural drainage. Flash floods can lead to severe erosion, infrastructure collapse, and loss of life, particularly in vulnerable low-lying and mountainous areas.