The urban heat island effect in Mumbai disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations, including those living in informal settlements with inadequate housing and limited access to cooling systems. Roof temperatures in some areas reach up to 64.4°C (147.9°F), causing severe health risks such as heatstroke and dehydration. The city's high humidity levels, which can reach 90%, further exacerbate the situation by preventing sweat from evaporating, leading to rapid overheating. Additionally, the lack of green spaces and the prevalence of concrete surfaces contribute to extreme heat retention, making outdoor activities increasingly hazardous. The ongoing water crisis, attributed to delayed monsoons and overdevelopment, threatens the city's water supply, putting millions at risk of water scarcity. (Source: EQUATOR, Source time: not specified)