Wildfire smoke contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause respiratory issues. Cattle exposed to wildfire smoke often exhibit signs of respiratory distress, such as increased breathing rates, nasal and eye discharge, coughing, and lethargy. Researchers have also observed changes in lung function, immune responses, and metabolism in affected animals. In calves, exposure to smoke can lead to lung consolidation, a condition where parts of the lungs fill with fluid or cells, potentially causing pneumonia.