Recent monsoon seasons have shown significant variability in rainfall across different regions. For instance, northwest India and neighbouring Pakistan received less than 1 inch of rain, while Madhya Pradesh experienced 2-6 inches. States like Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal reported below-normal rainfall, whereas parts of Maharashtra and Gujarat saw above-normal precipitation along coastal areas but much-below-normal inland. This uneven distribution has led to extreme conditions, including droughts and floods, affecting crop health and agricultural productivity.