In recent years, monsoon rainfall has become increasingly variable across India. For example, in states like Maharashtra, rainfall has been above normal along the Arabian Sea coast but much below normal inland. Similarly, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal have experienced below-normal rainfall, while Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh have seen a mix of above-normal and much-below-normal precipitation. This inconsistency has led to challenges in sustaining rainfed agriculture, with some regions experiencing extreme dryness and others facing short bursts of heavy rain that can cause flooding.