Polar vortex disruptions often occur due to sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. These events happen when the air high above the Arctic rapidly heats up, causing the strong winds of the vortex to weaken or even reverse direction. This change can destabilize the vortex, allowing cold air to escape and move southward. While these disruptions are more common in mid- to late winter, early-season events can also occur, as seen in recent years.