The study reveals that individuals in densely populated and high-pollution areas are at greater risk of health issues such as respiratory diseases, cognitive dysfunction, and mental health disorders due to exposure to PM2.5. Vulnerable groups, including younger people, smokers, and those with lower education levels, are less informed about air pollution, which may hinder their ability to take protective measures. Rural residents, single individuals, and the unemployed also reported weaker risk perceptions and less frequent adoption of protective practices. These findings highlight the need for equitable and community-specific strategies to mitigate the health risks associated with air pollution.