• Recent studies highlight the significant rise in global sea levels, with the eastern Mediterranean Sea experiencing a 15-centimeter increase since
• This change is attributed to industrial activities that have increased greenhouse gases, leading to global warming and the melting of polar ice. As a result, the volume of the oceans is expanding. While some regions like Scandinavia and Hudson Bay in Canada are experiencing land uplift due to post-glacial rebound, many coastal cities are facing severe challenges. Cities such as Jakarta and Lagos are particularly vulnerable due to both sea-level rise and land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction. This dual threat is exacerbating the risk of flooding and land loss in these areas.