Diwali pollution can cause short-term effects like coughing, wheezing, and breathlessness, and long-term exposure may lead to slower lung growth in children, faster lung function decline, and increased risks of chronic diseases. Vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and those with asthma or COPD, are particularly at risk. The combination of firecracker smoke and winter air stagnation can lead to severe respiratory distress, infections, and even cardiovascular complications. Immediate medical attention is advised for symptoms like persistent cough, severe breathlessness, or chest pain.