The primary hazards include high levels of volcanic gases, which can cause respiratory issues and create vog (volcanic air pollution) downwind. Tephra fallout, including volcanic ash and glassy fragments, poses risks of skin, eye, and respiratory irritation. Lava flows remain confined to the Halemaʻumaʻu crater but could potentially extend beyond it during future activity. Ground cracks, rockfalls, and landslides near the caldera rim also present significant dangers. Residents and visitors are advised to avoid affected areas and minimize exposure to volcanic gases and tephra.