The eruption poses significant risks to residents, visitors, and the environment. High levels of volcanic gases, including sulfur dioxide, can cause respiratory issues and create vog, which affects air quality. Lava flows, while currently confined to the crater, have the potential to destroy everything in their path if they extend beyond Halemaʻumaʻu. Additionally, tephra (volcanic fragments) and ground cracks present physical hazards, including burns, abrasions, and injuries from unstable terrain. Earthquakes and ground deformation further increase the risk of structural damage and landslides in the region.