The decline in phytoplankton due to El Niño has cascading effects on marine ecosystems, impacting zooplankton, fish populations, and higher predators like seabirds and marine mammals. Fisheries reliant on nutrient-rich waters, such as Peru's anchovy industry, are facing significant challenges, with economic and ecological consequences. In India, El Niño is historically associated with weaker monsoons, potentially leading to reduced agricultural yields and water shortages. These disruptions could affect food security and livelihoods in vulnerable regions.