The 2019 heatwave in India led to widespread impacts, including health risks and fatalities. Vulnerable populations, such as those in rural areas and urban slums, were particularly affected due to limited access to cooling systems and healthcare. The masking effect of air pollution and irrigation may have delayed critical responses, exacerbating the risks. Prolonged exposure to extreme heat can lead to heat-related illnesses, dehydration, and even death, especially among the elderly and outdoor workers.