Green roofs can significantly reduce the urban heat island effect, benefiting densely populated cities with high heat absorption. By lowering rooftop temperatures, they reduce the need for air conditioning, potentially cutting energy costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, they mitigate stormwater runoff, easing pressure on urban drainage systems during heavy rainfall. However, the initial installation costs and ongoing maintenance requirements, such as watering and plant care, may pose challenges for some building owners. The effectiveness of green roofs can also vary based on local climate, building design, and plant selection.