Urban flooding poses significant risks to life, property, and infrastructure in Indian cities. Coastal cities face additional threats from sea-level rise and storm surges. Encroachments on natural drains and floodplains, combined with inadequate drainage systems, amplify the impact of heavy rainfall. Poor solid waste management further clogs drainage systems, leading to waterlogging and contamination. Vulnerable populations in low-lying areas are particularly at risk, with disruptions to transportation, water supply, and public health services being common consequences.