A warming climate is causing glaciers to melt, snow cover to recede, and permafrost to destabilise, creating new risks in high-altitude regions. These changes can lead to chain reactions, such as avalanches blocking rivers, forming temporary lakes, and triggering debris flows. The August 2026 disaster in Nepal demonstrated how quickly such sequences can unfold, with ice-rock avalanches causing catastrophic flooding downstream. These hazards are further exacerbated by infrastructure development, such as hydropower projects and roads, which occupy narrow valleys and are vulnerable to extreme events.